DOI URLД¬orreia M, Heleno R, da Silva LP, Costa JM, RodrГguez-EcheverrГa S (2019) First evidence for the joint dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi and plant diaspores by birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286, 20182253.Д¬lark KL, Nadkarni NM, Gholz HL (2005) Retention of inorganic nitrogen by epiphytic bryophytes in a tropical montane forest. DOI PMIDД¬hmielewski MW, Eppley SM (2019) Forest passerines as a novel dispersal vector of viable bryophyte propagules. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 40, 893-899. DOI URLД¬hen G, Zhang RR, Liu Y, Sun WB (2014) Spore dispersal of fetid Lysurus mokusin by feces of mycophagous insects. DOI URLД«rГҐthen KA, GonzГЎlez VT, Iversen M, Killengreen S, Ravolainen VT, Ims RA, Yoccoz NG (2007) Endozoochory varies with ecological scale and context.

DOI URLД«och S, Prati D, Werth S, RГјetschi J, Fischer M (2011) Lichen endozoochory by snails. DOI URLД«och S, Berlinger M, Prati D, Fischer M (2016) Is fern endozoochory widespread among fern-eating herbivores? Plant Ecology, 217, 13-20. DOI URLД«isang I, HedenГ¤s L (2015) Mass-occurrence of springtails on Tortula cernua (Huebener) Lindb.: A field-observation of possible animal-mediated fertilization. DOI URLД«ay G, Nahar N, Oubre M, Whitehouse MJ, Wardle DA, Zackrisson O, Nilsson MC, Rasmussen U (2013) Boreal feather mosses secrete chemical signals to gain nitrogen. DOI URLД«arbГ© M, Chavel Г‰E, Fenton NJ, Imbeau L, Mazerolle MJ, Drapeau P, Bergeron Y (2016) Dispersal of bryophytes and ferns is facilitated by small mammals in the boreal forest. Ardeola, 56, 71-84.Д«ailey RH, James PW (1979) Birds and the dispersal of lichen propagules. DOI URLДЄrosa ML, Ramos JA, Valkenburg T, Ceia R, Laborda H, Quintanilla LG, Heleno R (2009) Fern feeding ecology of the Azores bullfinch Pyrrhula murina: The selection of fern species and the influence of nutritional composition in fern choice.

DOI PMIDДЄrosa ML, Ramos JA, Quintanilla LG, Brown D (2010) First report of fern ( Culcita macrocarpa) spore consumption by a small mammal ( Apodemus sylvaticus). Prospects: We propose that more consideration should be given to the multi-pattern dispersal and mutualistic relationship between animals and spore plants in future studies, as well as the formation, maintenance mechanism and future evolutionary trends of spore plant-animal relationships.ДЄndersen SB, Gerritsma S, Yusah KM, Mayntz D, Hywel-Jones NL, Billen J, Boomsma JJ, Hughes DP (2009) The life of a dead ant: The expression of an adaptive extended phenotype. The researches on spore plant dispersal in other countries are mainly descriptive, most of which are independent pattern on spore plant dispersal. For some spore plant propagules, due to their special structural characteristics or particular need for germination, the propagules can only be dispersed by specific animals, which leads to an inseparable relationship between such animals and spore plants.ДЄt present, few studies in this field have been conducted in China.

(3) The ecological and evolutionary meanings of zoochorous dispersal of spore plants. Due to the different morphological characteristics and life habits between animals, the distance of dispersal is also different, with the shortest distance of 0.1 cm and the longest distance from the northern hemisphere to the southern hemisphere. (2) the two zoochorous dispersal patterns of spore plants that can effectively disperse propagules of spore plants, namely endozoochory (through the digestive tract and parasitism) and epizoochory. On the one hand, spore plants can provide food, shelters and breeding sites for animals on the other hand, spore plants can also produce visual and/or olfactory cues and so on to attract animals in order to increase their propagule dispersal. Here, we summarize that (1) the adaptation of spore plants to dispersal by animals. Therefore, the effect of animals on spore plant propagules dispersal has been receiving increasing attention. Animals and spore plants may also together form an interaction system similar to the network of zoochorous seed dispersal. Background & Aims: Spore plants, as an important food source for terrestrial animal, play a vital role in maintaining the subtle balance of the earthвЂ™s ecological system.

Spore coin